Numbers 34: The borders of the land, and the men who will divide it

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What happens?

Yahweh tells Moses the borders of the land of Canaan that Israel is to inherit: the south border from the wilderness of Zin, the Great Sea on the west, the north border to Hamath, and the east border down the Jordan to the Salt Sea. Moses tells the people that this land is for the nine and a half tribes, since Reuben, Gad and half of Manasseh have their land east of the Jordan. Yahweh names the men who will divide the land: Eleazar the priest, Joshua, and a leader from each tribe.

Who is speaking?

Yahweh speaks to Moses. God's own words are in 23 of the 29 verses: the borders in verses 2 to 12 and the names in verses 17 to 28. In verses 13 to 15 Moses speaks to the people. God's own words are printed in gold, and those verses are marked God speaks

¹Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,

In plain English: Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,

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vay-da-berוַיְדַבֵּ֥רand he spoke yah-wehיְהוָ֖הYahwehelאֶלtomo-shehמֹשֶׁ֥הMosesle-morלֵּאמֹֽרsaying

²“Command the children of Israel, and tell them, ‘When you come into the land of Canaan (this is the land that shall fall to you for an inheritance, even the land of Canaan according to its borders),God speaks

In plain English: "Command the Israelites and tell them, 'When you come into the land of Canaan (this is the land that will be yours as an inheritance, the land of Canaan with its borders),

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tzavצַ֞וcommand be-neiבְּנֵ֤יthe people of yis-ra-elיִשְׂרָאֵל֙Israelve-a-mar-taוְאָמַרְתָּ֣and you will saya-le-hemאֲלֵהֶ֔םto themkeeכִּֽיifa-temאַתֶּ֥םyouba-eemבָּאִ֖יםare about to goelאֶלintoha-a-retzהָאָ֣רֶץthe landke-na-anכְּנָ֑עַןCanaanzotזֹ֣אתthisha-a-retzהָאָ֗רֶץis the landa-sherאֲשֶׁ֨רwhichtee-polתִּפֹּ֤לit will fallla-khemלָכֶם֙to yoube-na-cha-lahבְּֽנַחֲלָ֔הan inheritancee-retzאֶ֥רֶץthe land ofke-na-anכְּנַ֖עַןCanaanlig-vu-lo-tei-haלִגְבֻלֹתֶֽיהָto its borders

³then your south quarter shall be from the wilderness of Zin along by the side of Edom, and your south border shall be from the end of the Salt Sea eastward.God speaks

In plain English: your south side will run from the wilderness of Zin, along the side of Edom. Your south border will start in the east, from the end of the Salt Sea.

Good to know: The Salt Sea is the sea that most maps today call the Dead Sea. The Great Sea in is the Mediterranean, to the west.

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ve-ha-yahוְהָיָ֨הand it will bela-khemלָכֶ֧םof youpe-atפְּאַתthe side ofne-gevנֶ֛גֶבthe southmee-mid-barמִמִּדְבַּרfrom the wilderness oftzinצִ֖ןZinalעַלonye-deiיְדֵ֣יthe hands ofe-domאֱד֑וֹםEdomve-ha-yahוְהָיָ֤הand it will bela-khemלָכֶם֙of youge-vulגְּב֣וּלborder ofne-gevנֶ֔גֶבthe southwardmik-tzehמִקְצֵ֥הfrom the end ofyomיָםthe Sea ofha-me-lachהַמֶּ֖לַחSaltke-de-mahקֵֽדְמָהeast -ward

⁴Your border shall turn about southward of the ascent of Akrabbim, and pass along to Zin; and it shall pass southward of Kadesh Barnea; and it shall go from there to Hazar Addar, and pass along to Azmon.God speaks

In plain English: Your border will turn south of the ascent of Akrabbim and pass on to Zin. It will run south of Kadesh Barnea, go out to Hazar Addar, and pass on to Azmon.

The Hebrew words: "The ascent of Akrabbim" is a place name the dictionary gives as "Steep of Scorpions, a place in the Desert".

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ve-na-savוְנָסַ֣בand it will turnla-khemלָכֶם֩of youha-ge-vulהַגְּב֨וּלthe bordermee-ne-gevמִנֶּ֜גֶבfrom the southle-ma-a-lehלְמַעֲלֵ֤הto the ascent ofak-ra-beemעַקְרַבִּים֙scorpionsve-a-varוְעָ֣בַרand it will pass ontzee-nahצִ֔נָהZin towardsve-ha-yahוהיהand they will betotz-o-tavתּֽוֹצְאֹתָ֔יוits extremitiesmee-ne-gevמִנֶּ֖גֶבfrom the southle-ka-deshלְקָדֵ֣שׁof Kadeshbar-ne-aבַּרְנֵ֑עַBarneave-ya-tzaוְיָצָ֥אand it will go outcha-tzarחֲצַרHazara-darאַדָּ֖רAddarve-a-varוְעָבַ֥רand it will pass onatz-mo-nahעַצְמֹֽנָהAzmon towards

⁵The border shall turn about from Azmon to the brook of Egypt, and it shall end at the sea.God speaks

In plain English: From Azmon the border will turn to the brook (or: the valley) of Egypt, and it will end at the sea.

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ve-na-savוְנָסַ֧בand it will turnha-ge-vulהַגְּב֛וּלthe borderme-atz-monמֵעַצְמ֖וֹןfrom Azmonnach-lahנַ֣חְלָהthe wadi of towardsmitz-ra-yimמִצְרָ֑יִםEgyptve-ha-yuוְהָי֥וּand they will betotz-o-tavתוֹצְאֹתָ֖יוits extremitieshai-ya-mahהַיָּֽמָּהthe sea towards

⁶“‘For the western border, you shall have the great sea and its border. This shall be your west border.God speaks

In plain English: "'For the west border you will have the Great Sea and its border (or: its coast). This will be your west border.

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u-ge-vulוּגְב֣וּלand the border ofyamיָ֔םthe westve-ha-yahוְהָיָ֥הand it will bela-khemלָכֶ֛םfor youhai-yamהַיָּ֥םthe seaha-ga-dolהַגָּד֖וֹלgreatu-ge-vulוּגְב֑וּלand a borderzehזֶֽהthisyih-yehיִהְיֶ֥הit will bela-khemלָכֶ֖םof youge-vulגְּב֥וּלborder ofyamיָֽםthe west

⁷“‘This shall be your north border: from the great sea you shall mark out for yourselves Mount Hor.God speaks

In plain English: "'This will be your north border: from the Great Sea you are to mark out a line to Mount Hor.

Good to know: This Mount Hor is on the north border. The dictionary gives Hor as "the name of a peak in Idumaea and of one in Syria": Idumaea is Edom, where Aaron died on Mount Hor ( and ). The text does not say whether the two are the same mountain.

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ve-zehוְזֶֽהand thisyih-yehיִהְיֶ֥הit will bela-khemלָכֶ֖םof youge-vulגְּב֣וּלborder oftza-fonצָפ֑וֹןthe northminמִןfromhai-yamהַיָּם֙the seaha-ga-dolהַגָּדֹ֔לgreatte-ta-uתְּתָא֥וּyou will mark outla-khemלָכֶ֖םfor yourselveshorהֹ֥רHorha-harהָהָֽרthe mountain

⁸From Mount Hor you shall mark out to the entrance of Hamath; and the border shall pass by Zedad.God speaks

In plain English: From Mount Hor mark it out to the entrance of Hamath (or: to Lebo Hamath), and the border will reach Zedad.

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me-horמֵהֹ֣רfrom Horha-harהָהָ֔רthe mountainte-ta-uתְּתָא֖וּyou will mark outle-voלְבֹ֣אLebocha-matחֲמָ֑תHamathve-ha-yuוְהָי֛וּand they will betotz-otתּוֹצְאֹ֥תthe extremities ofha-ge-vulהַגְּבֻ֖לthe bordertze-da-dahצְדָֽדָהZedad towards

⁹Then the border shall go to Ziphron, and it shall end at Hazar Enan. This shall be your north border.God speaks

In plain English: Then the border will go on to Ziphron and end at Hazar Enan. This will be your north border.

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ve-ya-tzaוְיָצָ֤אand it will go outha-ge-vulהַגְּבֻל֙the borderzif-ro-nahזִפְרֹ֔נָהZiphron towardsve-ha-yuוְהָי֥וּand they will betotz-o-tavתוֹצְאֹתָ֖יוits extremitiescha-tzarחֲצַ֣רHazarei-nanעֵינָ֑ןEnanzehזֶֽהthisyih-yehיִהְיֶ֥הit will bela-khemלָכֶ֖םof youge-vulגְּב֥וּלborder oftza-fonצָפֽוֹןthe north

¹⁰“‘You shall mark out your east border from Hazar Enan to Shepham.God speaks

In plain English: "'For your east border, mark out a line from Hazar Enan to Shepham.

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ve-hit-a-vee-temוְהִתְאַוִּיתֶ֥םand you will markla-khemלָכֶ֖םfor yourselveslig-vulלִגְב֣וּלfor the border of ke-de-mahקֵ֑דְמָהeast -wardme-cha-tzarמֵחֲצַ֥רfrom Hazarei-nanעֵינָ֖ןEnanshe-fa-mahשְׁפָֽמָהShepham towards

¹¹The border shall go down from Shepham to Riblah, on the east side of Ain. The border shall go down, and shall reach to the side of the sea of Chinnereth eastward.God speaks

In plain English: The border will go down from Shepham to Riblah, on the east side of Ain. The border will go down and reach the slope on the east side of the sea of Chinnereth.

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ve-ya-radוְיָרַ֨דand it will go downha-ge-vulהַגְּבֻ֧לthe bordermee-she-famמִשְּׁפָ֛םfrom Shephamha-riv-lahהָרִבְלָ֖הRiblahmee-ke-demמִקֶּ֣דֶםfrom the eastla-a-yinלָעָ֑יִןof Ainve-ya-radוְיָרַ֣דand it will go downha-ge-vulהַגְּב֔וּלthe borderu-ma-chahוּמָחָ֛הand it will reachalעַלtoke-tefכֶּ֥תֶףthe shoulder ofyomיָםthe sea ofkee-ne-retכִּנֶּ֖רֶתKinnerethke-de-mahקֵֽדְמָהeast -ward

¹²The border shall go down to the Jordan, and end at the Salt Sea. This shall be your land according to its borders around it.’”God speaks

In plain English: The border will go down along the Jordan and end at the Salt Sea. This will be your land, with its borders all around.'"

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ve-ya-radוְיָרַ֤דand it will go downha-ge-vulהַגְּבוּל֙the borderhai-yar-de-nahהַיַּרְדֵּ֔נָהthe Jordan towardsve-ha-yuוְהָי֥וּand they will betotz-o-tavתוֹצְאֹתָ֖יוits extremitiesyamיָ֣םthe Sea ofha-me-lachהַמֶּ֑לַחSaltzotזֹאת֩thistih-yehתִּהְיֶ֨הit will bela-khemלָכֶ֥םof youha-a-retzהָאָ֛רֶץthe landlig-vu-lo-tei-haלִגְבֻלֹתֶ֖יהָto its borderssa-veevסָבִֽיבall around

¹³Moses commanded the children of Israel, saying, “This is the land which you shall inherit by lot, which Yahweh has commanded to give to the nine tribes, and to the half-tribe;

In plain English: Moses commanded the Israelites, saying, "This is the land you are to inherit by lot, which Yahweh has commanded to be given to the nine tribes and the half tribe,

Good to know: The land west of the Jordan is for nine and a half tribes. Reuben, Gad and half of Manasseh received their land east of the Jordan in chapter 32 (). The Levites have no inheritance among the Israelites (), and chapter 35 gives the Levites towns instead.

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vay-tzavוַיְצַ֣וand he commanded mo-shehמֹשֶׁ֔הMoses be-neiבְּנֵ֥יthe people of yis-ra-elיִשְׂרָאֵ֖לIsraelle-morלֵאמֹ֑רsayingzotזֹ֣אתthisha-a-retzהָאָ֗רֶץis the landa-sherאֲשֶׁ֨רwhichtit-na-cha-luתִּתְנַחֲל֤וּyou will inherito-tahאֹתָהּ֙itbe-go-ralבְּגוֹרָ֔לby lota-sherאֲשֶׁר֙whichtzee-vahצִוָּ֣הhe has commanded yah-wehיְהוָ֔הYahweh la-tetלָתֵ֛תto givele-tish-atלְתִשְׁעַ֥תto the nineha-ma-totהַמַּטּ֖וֹתthe tribesva-cha-tzeeוַחֲצִ֥יand the half ofha-ma-tehהַמַּטֶּֽהthe tribe

¹⁴for the tribe of the children of Reuben according to their fathers’ houses, the tribe of the children of Gad according to their fathers’ houses, and the half-tribe of Manasseh have received their inheritance.

In plain English: because the tribe of Reuben, by their families, and the tribe of Gad, by their families, have received their inheritance, and half the tribe of Manasseh has received its inheritance.

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keeכִּ֣יforla-ke-chuלָקְח֞וּthey have takenma-tehמַטֵּ֨הthe tribe ofve-neiבְנֵ֤יthe descendants ofhar-u-ve-neeהָראוּבֵנִי֙the Reubenitesle-veitלְבֵ֣יתto the house of a-vo-tamאֲבֹתָ֔םtheir ancestorsu-ma-tehוּמַטֵּ֥הand the tribe ofve-neiבְנֵֽיthe descendants ofha-ga-deeהַגָּדִ֖יthe Gaditesle-veitלְבֵ֣יתto the house of a-vo-tamאֲבֹתָ֑םtheir ancestorsva-cha-tzeeוַחֲצִי֙and the half ofma-tehמַטֵּ֣הthe tribe ofme-na-shehמְנַשֶּׁ֔הManassehla-ke-chuלָקְח֖וּthey have takenna-cha-la-tamנַחֲלָתָֽםtheir inheritance

¹⁵The two tribes and the half-tribe have received their inheritance beyond the Jordan at Jericho eastward, toward the sunrise.”

In plain English: The two tribes and the half tribe have received their inheritance across the Jordan from Jericho, to the east, toward the sunrise."

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she-neiשְׁנֵ֥יthe twoha-ma-totהַמַּטּ֖וֹתthe tribesva-cha-tzeeוַחֲצִ֣יand the half ofha-ma-tehהַמַּטֶּ֑הthe tribela-ke-chuלָקְח֣וּthey have takenna-cha-la-tamנַחֲלָתָ֗םtheir inheritanceme-e-verמֵעֵ֛בֶרfrom the other sidele-yar-denלְיַרְדֵּ֥ןof the Jordanye-re-choיְרֵח֖וֹof Jerichoke-de-mahקֵ֥דְמָהeast -wardmiz-ra-chahמִזְרָֽחָהeast -ward

¹⁶Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,

In plain English: Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,

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vay-da-berוַיְדַבֵּ֥רand he spoke yah-wehיְהוָ֖הYahwehelאֶלtomo-shehמֹשֶׁ֥הMosesle-morלֵּאמֹֽרsaying

¹⁷“These are the names of the men who shall divide the land to you for inheritance: Eleazar the priest, and Joshua the son of Nun.God speaks

In plain English: "These are the names of the men who are to divide the land for you as your inheritance: Eleazar the priest and Joshua the son of Nun.

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e-lehאֵ֚לֶּהtheseshe-motשְׁמ֣וֹתare the names ofha-a-na-sheemהָֽאֲנָשִׁ֔יםthe mena-sherאֲשֶׁרwhoyin-cha-luיִנְחֲל֥וּthey will give as inheritancela-khemלָכֶ֖םto youha-a-retzהָאָ֑רֶץthe landel-a-zarאֶלְעָזָר֙Eleazarha-ko-henהַכֹּהֵ֔ןthe priestvee-ho-shu-aוִיהוֹשֻׁ֖עַand Joshuabinבִּןthe son ofnunנֽוּןNun

¹⁸You shall take one prince of every tribe, to divide the land for inheritance.God speaks

In plain English: Take one leader from each tribe to divide the land for inheritance.

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ve-na-seeוְנָשִׂ֥יאand a leadere-chadאֶחָ֛דonena-seeנָשִׂ֥יאa leadere-chadאֶחָ֖דonemee-ma-tehמִמַּטֶּ֑הfrom a tribetik-chuתִּקְח֖וּyou will takelin-cholלִנְחֹ֥לto give as inheritanceha-a-retzהָאָֽרֶץthe land

¹⁹These are the names of the men: Of the tribe of Judah, Caleb the son of Jephunneh.God speaks

In plain English: These are the names of the men: from the tribe of Judah, Caleb the son of Jephunneh.

Good to know: Caleb is the only one of the tribal leaders in verses 19 to 28 who was also one of the twelve spies (). Joshua, named in , was another of the spies, and of the twelve only these two were to enter the land (). Reuben and Gad, whose land is east of the Jordan, have no leader in this list.

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ve-e-lehוְאֵ֖לֶּהand theseshe-motשְׁמ֣וֹתare the names ofha-a-na-sheemהָאֲנָשִׁ֑יםthe menle-ma-tehלְמַטֵּ֣הof the tribe ofye-hu-dahיְהוּדָ֔הJudahka-levכָּלֵ֖בCalebbenבֶּןthe son ofye-fu-nehיְפֻנֶּֽהJephunneh

²⁰Of the tribe of the children of Simeon, Shemuel the son of Ammihud.God speaks

In plain English: From the tribe of Simeon, Shemuel the son of Ammihud.

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u-le-ma-tehוּלְמַטֵּה֙and of the tribe ofbe-neiבְּנֵ֣יthe descendants ofshim-onשִׁמְע֔וֹןSimeonshe-mu-elשְׁמוּאֵ֖לShemuelbenבֶּןthe son ofa-mee-hudעַמִּיהֽוּדAmmihud

²¹Of the tribe of Benjamin, Elidad the son of Chislon.God speaks

In plain English: From the tribe of Benjamin, Elidad the son of Chislon.

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le-ma-tehלְמַטֵּ֣הof the tribe ofvin-ya-meenבִנְיָמִ֔ןBenjamine-lee-dadאֱלִידָ֖דElidadbenבֶּןthe son ofkis-lonכִּסְלֽוֹןChislon

²²Of the tribe of the children of Dan a prince, Bukki the son of Jogli.God speaks

In plain English: From the tribe of Dan, a leader: Bukki the son of Jogli.

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u-le-ma-tehוּלְמַטֵּ֥הand of the tribe ofve-neiבְנֵיthe descendants ofdanדָ֖ןDanna-seeנָשִׂ֑יאa leaderbu-keeבֻּקִּ֖יBukkibenבֶּןthe son ofya-ge-leeיָגְלִֽיJogli

²³Of the children of Joseph: of the tribe of the children of Manasseh a prince, Hanniel the son of Ephod.God speaks

In plain English: From the sons of Joseph: from the tribe of Manasseh, a leader: Hanniel the son of Ephod.

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liv-neiלִבְנֵ֣יof the sons ofyo-sefיוֹסֵ֔ףJosephle-ma-tehלְמַטֵּ֥הof the tribe ofve-neiבְנֵֽיthe descendants ofme-na-shehמְנַשֶּׁ֖הManassehna-seeנָשִׂ֑יאa leadercha-nee-elחַנִּיאֵ֖לHannielbenבֶּןthe son ofe-fodאֵפֹֽדEphod

²⁴Of the tribe of the children of Ephraim a prince, Kemuel the son of Shiphtan.God speaks

In plain English: From the tribe of Ephraim, a leader: Kemuel the son of Shiphtan.

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u-le-ma-tehוּלְמַטֵּ֥הand of the tribe ofve-neiבְנֵֽיthe descendants ofef-ra-yimאֶפְרַ֖יִםEphraimna-seeנָשִׂ֑יאa leaderke-mu-elקְמוּאֵ֖לKemuelbenבֶּןthe son ofshif-tanשִׁפְטָֽןShiphtan

²⁵Of the tribe of the children of Zebulun a prince, Elizaphan the son of Parnach.God speaks

In plain English: From the tribe of Zebulun, a leader: Elizaphan the son of Parnach.

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u-le-ma-tehוּלְמַטֵּ֥הand of the tribe ofve-neiבְנֵֽיthe descendants ofze-vu-lunזְבוּלֻ֖ןZebulunna-seeנָשִׂ֑יאa leadere-lee-tza-fanאֱלִיצָפָ֖ןElizaphanbenבֶּןthe son ofpar-nakhפַּרְנָֽךְParnach

²⁶Of the tribe of the children of Issachar a prince, Paltiel the son of Azzan.God speaks

In plain English: From the tribe of Issachar, a leader: Paltiel the son of Azzan.

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u-le-ma-tehוּלְמַטֵּ֥הand of the tribe ofve-neiבְנֵֽיthe descendants ofyee-sosh-kharיִשָׂשכָ֖רIssacharna-seeנָשִׂ֑יאa leaderpal-tee-elפַּלְטִיאֵ֖לPaltielbenבֶּןthe son ofa-zanעַזָּֽןAzzan

²⁷Of the tribe of the children of Asher a prince, Ahihud the son of Shelomi.God speaks

In plain English: From the tribe of Asher, a leader: Ahihud the son of Shelomi.

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u-le-ma-tehוּלְמַטֵּ֥הand of the tribe ofve-neiבְנֵיthe descendants ofa-sherאָשֵׁ֖רAsherna-seeנָשִׂ֑יאa leadera-chee-hudאֲחִיה֖וּדAhihudbenבֶּןthe son ofshe-lo-meeשְׁלֹמִֽיShelomi

²⁸Of the tribe of the children of Naphtali a prince, Pedahel the son of Ammihud.”God speaks

In plain English: From the tribe of Naphtali, a leader: Pedahel the son of Ammihud."

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u-le-ma-tehוּלְמַטֵּ֥הand of the tribe ofve-neiבְנֵֽיthe descendants ofnaf-ta-leeנַפְתָּלִ֖יNaphtalina-seeנָשִׂ֑יאa leaderpe-dah-elפְּדַהְאֵ֖לPedahelbenבֶּןthe son ofa-mee-hudעַמִּיהֽוּדAmmihud

²⁹These are they whom Yahweh commanded to divide the inheritance to the children of Israel in the land of Canaan.

In plain English: These are the men Yahweh commanded to divide the inheritance for the Israelites in the land of Canaan.

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e-lehאֵ֕לֶּהthesea-sherאֲשֶׁ֖רare those whomtzee-vahצִוָּ֣הhe commanded yah-wehיְהוָ֑הYahwehle-na-chelלְנַחֵ֥לto apportion as an inheritance tobe-neiבְּנֵֽיthe people of yis-ra-elיִשְׂרָאֵ֖לIsraelbe-e-retzבְּאֶ֥רֶץin the land ofke-na-anכְּנָֽעַןCanaan