1 Kings 22: Micaiah, the lying spirit, and the death of Ahab
A free study, verse by verse. Text: World English Bible. Notes come from the Hebrew. How to read a study
What happens?
After three years without war, the king of Israel asks Jehoshaphat king of Judah to go with him to take Ramoth Gilead from Syria. About four hundred prophets tell him to go up, but Jehoshaphat asks for a prophet of Yahweh, and Micaiah the son of Imlah is brought. Micaiah tells of a vision: Yahweh on his throne asks who will entice Ahab to fall at Ramoth Gilead, a spirit says it will be a lying spirit in the mouth of all his prophets, and Yahweh tells it to go out and do so. Zedekiah strikes Micaiah, and the king puts Micaiah in prison. In the battle the king of Israel disguises himself, but a man draws his bow at random and strikes him between the joints of his armor; he dies at evening, and the dogs lick up his blood when his chariot is washed by the pool of Samaria. The chapter ends with the reign of Jehoshaphat in Judah and the start of the reign of Ahaziah son of Ahab in Israel.
Who is speaking?
The narrator tells the story. No verse is in gold: God speaks no words of his own in this chapter. In verse 11 Zedekiah says "Yahweh says"; those are Zedekiah's words, so they are not in gold. In verses 17 and 19 to 23 Micaiah tells what he saw, and inside his telling Yahweh and a spirit speak; all of it is Micaiah's report of his vision, so it is not in gold. The king of Israel speaks in verses 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 15, 16, 18, 26, 27 and 30, Jehoshaphat in verses 4, 5, 7 and 8, the four hundred prophets in verses 6 and 12, the messenger in verse 13, Micaiah in verses 14, 15, 17, 19 to 23, 25 and 28, and Zedekiah again in verse 24. The king of Syria gives orders in verse 31, his captains speak in verse 32, the king tells his driver to turn in verse 34, a cry goes through the army in verse 36, and Ahaziah speaks in verse 49. God's own words are printed in gold, and those verses are marked God speaks
1They continued three years without war between Syria and Israel.
In plain English: For three years there was no war between Syria and Israel.
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2In the third year, Jehoshaphat the king of Judah came down to the king of Israel.
In plain English: In the third year, Jehoshaphat the king of Judah came down to the king of Israel.
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3The king of Israel said to his servants, “You know that Ramoth Gilead is ours, and we do nothing, and don’t take it out of the hand of the king of Syria?”
In plain English: The king of Israel said to his servants, "You know that Ramoth Gilead belongs to us, and yet we sit still (this Bible: do nothing) and do not take it from the hand of the king of Syria?"
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4He said to Jehoshaphat, “Will you go with me to battle to Ramoth Gilead?” Jehoshaphat said to the king of Israel, “I am as you are, my people as your people, my horses as your horses.”
In plain English: He said to Jehoshaphat, "Will you go with me to battle at Ramoth Gilead?" Jehoshaphat said to the king of Israel, "I am as you are, my people as your people, my horses as your horses."
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5Jehoshaphat said to the king of Israel, “Please inquire first for Yahweh’s word.”
In plain English: Jehoshaphat said to the king of Israel, "Please ask first for the word of Yahweh."
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6Then the king of Israel gathered the prophets together, about four hundred men, and said to them, “Should I go against Ramoth Gilead to battle, or should I refrain?” They said, “Go up; for the Lord will deliver it into the hand of the king.”
In plain English: Then the king of Israel gathered the prophets together, about four hundred men, and said to them, "Should I go to battle against Ramoth Gilead, or should I hold back?" They said, "Go up, for the Lord will give it into the hand of the king."
The Hebrew word: The four hundred prophets say "the Lord", Adonai, which the dictionary gives as "the Lord (used as a proper name of God only)". They do not use the name Yahweh here, and Jehoshaphat then asks, "Isn't there here a prophet of Yahweh?" (verse 7). In the prophets say "Yahweh will deliver it".
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7But Jehoshaphat said, “Isn’t there here a prophet of Yahweh, that we may inquire of him?”
In plain English: But Jehoshaphat said, "Is there not a prophet of Yahweh here, so that we can ask him?"
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8The king of Israel said to Jehoshaphat, “There is yet one man by whom we may inquire of Yahweh, Micaiah the son of Imlah; but I hate him, for he does not prophesy good concerning me, but evil.” Jehoshaphat said, “Don’t let the king say so.”
In plain English: The king of Israel said to Jehoshaphat, "There is still one man through whom we can ask Yahweh, Micaiah the son of Imlah. But I hate him, because he does not prophesy good about me, only evil." Jehoshaphat said, "The king should not say that."
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9Then the king of Israel called an officer, and said, “Quickly get Micaiah the son of Imlah.”
In plain English: Then the king of Israel called an officer and said, "Bring Micaiah the son of Imlah quickly."
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10Now the king of Israel and Jehoshaphat the king of Judah were sitting each on his throne, arrayed in their robes, in an open place at the entrance of the gate of Samaria; and all the prophets were prophesying before them.
In plain English: The king of Israel and Jehoshaphat the king of Judah were sitting, each on his throne, dressed in their robes, at the threshing floor (this Bible: an open place) at the entrance of the gate of Samaria. All the prophets were prophesying in front of them.
The Hebrew word: "Open place" is goren, which the dictionary gives as "a threshing-floor (as made even); by analogy, any open area". In 1 Kings it is only in this verse. tells the same scene.
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11Zedekiah the son of Chenaanah made himself horns of iron, and said, “Yahweh says, ‘With these you will push the Syrians, until they are consumed.’”
In plain English: Zedekiah the son of Chenaanah made himself horns of iron and said, "Yahweh says, 'With these you will gore (this Bible: push) the Syrians until they are finished off.'"
The Hebrew word: "Push" is nagach, which the dictionary gives as "to butt with the horns; figuratively, to war against". Zedekiah's iron horns go with his words. He says "Yahweh says", but the words are his own, so they are not printed in gold.
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12All the prophets prophesied so, saying, “Go up to Ramoth Gilead and prosper; for Yahweh will deliver it into the hand of the king.”
In plain English: All the prophets prophesied the same, saying, "Go up to Ramoth Gilead and succeed (this Bible: prosper), for Yahweh will give it into the hand of the king."
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13The messenger who went to call Micaiah spoke to him, saying, “See now, the prophets declare good to the king with one mouth. Please let your word be like the word of one of them, and speak good.”
In plain English: The messenger who had gone to call Micaiah said to him, "Look, the prophets all speak good to the king with one voice (literally: one mouth). Please let your word be like the word of one of them, and speak good."
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14Micaiah said, “As Yahweh lives, what Yahweh says to me, that I will speak.”
In plain English: Micaiah said, "As Yahweh lives, what Yahweh says to me, that is what I will speak."
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15When he had come to the king, the king said to him, “Micaiah, shall we go to Ramoth Gilead to battle, or shall we forbear?” He answered him, “Go up and prosper; and Yahweh will deliver it into the hand of the king.”
In plain English: When he came to the king, the king said to him, "Micaiah, should we go to battle at Ramoth Gilead, or should we hold back?" He answered him, "Go up and succeed (this Bible: prosper). Yahweh will give it into the hand of the king."
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16The king said to him, “How many times do I have to adjure you that you speak to me nothing but the truth in Yahweh’s name?”
In plain English: The king said to him, "How many times must I make you swear (this Bible: adjure you) to tell me nothing but the truth in Yahweh's name?"
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17He said, “I saw all Israel scattered on the mountains, as sheep that have no shepherd. Yahweh said, ‘These have no master. Let them each return to his house in peace.’”
In plain English: He said, "I saw all Israel scattered on the mountains, like sheep that have no shepherd. Yahweh said, 'These have no master. Let each of them go home in peace.'"
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18The king of Israel said to Jehoshaphat, “Didn’t I tell you that he would not prophesy good concerning me, but evil?”
In plain English: The king of Israel said to Jehoshaphat, "Did I not tell you that he would not prophesy good about me, only evil?"
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19Micaiah said, “Therefore hear Yahweh’s word. I saw Yahweh sitting on his throne, and all the army of heaven standing by him on his right hand and on his left.
In plain English: Micaiah said, "So hear the word of Yahweh. I saw Yahweh sitting on his throne, and the whole army of heaven standing beside him, on his right and on his left.
Good to know: From here to verse 23, Micaiah tells what he saw. What Yahweh and the spirit say in verses 20 to 22 is part of Micaiah's telling, so it is not printed in gold. The same account is in .
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20Yahweh said, ‘Who will entice Ahab, that he may go up and fall at Ramoth Gilead?’ One said one thing, and another said another.
In plain English: Yahweh said, 'Who will entice Ahab, so that he goes up and falls at Ramoth Gilead?' One said one thing, and another said another.
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21A spirit came out and stood before Yahweh, and said, ‘I will entice him.’
In plain English: Then a spirit (the Hebrew has: the spirit) came out and stood before Yahweh, and said, 'I will entice him.'
The Hebrew word: The Hebrew here has "the spirit" (ha-ruach), and so does . This Bible prints "a spirit". The text does not say who the spirit is.
What changes: Read as "a spirit", one spirit among those standing before Yahweh comes forward. Read as "the spirit", the text speaks of a particular spirit, without naming it. Either way, the text says the spirit offers to entice Ahab, and Yahweh asks how.
22Yahweh said to him, ‘How?’ He said, ‘I will go out and will be a lying spirit in the mouth of all his prophets.’ He said, ‘You will entice him, and will also prevail. Go out and do so.’
In plain English: Yahweh said to him, 'How?' He said, 'I will go out and be a lying spirit (literally: a spirit of falsehood) in the mouth of all his prophets.' He said, 'You will entice him, and you will succeed (this Bible: prevail). Go out and do so.'
The Hebrew words: "A lying spirit" is ruach sheqer, "a spirit of falsehood": sheqer is given by the dictionary as "an untruth; by implication, a sham". "Entice" is pathah, which the dictionary gives as "to open" and, among its other meanings, "(in a sinister way) delude". In 1 Kings this Bible says "entice" in all 3 verses where it is found (verses 20 to 22).
Good to know: The text says exactly this: Yahweh asks who will entice Ahab (verse 20), a spirit offers (verse 21), Yahweh asks how, the spirit says it will be a lying spirit in the mouth of all Ahab's prophets, and Yahweh says, "You will entice him, and will also prevail. Go out and do so." In verse 23 Micaiah tells Ahab that Yahweh has put a lying spirit in the mouth of these prophets. The text does not explain more, and readers explain the scene in different ways.
23Now therefore, behold, Yahweh has put a lying spirit in the mouth of all these your prophets; and Yahweh has spoken evil concerning you.”
In plain English: So now, look: Yahweh has put a lying spirit in the mouth of all these prophets of yours, and Yahweh has spoken disaster (this Bible: evil) against you."
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24Then Zedekiah the son of Chenaanah came near and struck Micaiah on the cheek, and said, “Which way did Yahweh’s Spirit go from me to speak to you?”
In plain English: Then Zedekiah the son of Chenaanah came near, struck Micaiah on the cheek, and said, "Which way did the Spirit of Yahweh go from me to speak to you?"
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25Micaiah said, “Behold, you will see on that day when you go into an inner room to hide yourself.”
In plain English: Micaiah said, "You will see, on the day you go into an inner room to hide yourself."
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26The king of Israel said, “Take Micaiah, and carry him back to Amon the governor of the city and to Joash the king’s son.
In plain English: The king of Israel said, "Take Micaiah, and bring him back to Amon the governor of the city and to Joash the king's son.
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27Say, ‘The king says, “Put this fellow in the prison, and feed him with bread of affliction and with water of affliction, until I come in peace.”’”
In plain English: Say, 'The king says, "Put this man in prison, and feed him with bread of suffering (this Bible: affliction) and water of suffering until I come back safely (literally: in peace)."'"
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28Micaiah said, “If you return at all in peace, Yahweh has not spoken by me.” He said, “Listen, all you people!”
In plain English: Micaiah said, "If you ever come back safely (literally: in peace), Yahweh has not spoken through me." And he said, "Listen, all you peoples!"
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29So the king of Israel and Jehoshaphat the king of Judah went up to Ramoth Gilead.
In plain English: So the king of Israel and Jehoshaphat the king of Judah went up to Ramoth Gilead.
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30The king of Israel said to Jehoshaphat, “I will disguise myself and go into the battle, but you put on your robes.” The king of Israel disguised himself and went into the battle.
In plain English: The king of Israel said to Jehoshaphat, "I will disguise myself and go into the battle, but you wear your robes." The king of Israel disguised himself and went into the battle.
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31Now the king of Syria had commanded the thirty-two captains of his chariots, saying, “Don’t fight with small nor great, except only with the king of Israel.”
In plain English: Now the king of Syria had commanded the thirty-two captains of his chariots, "Do not fight with anyone, small or great, except the king of Israel alone."
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32When the captains of the chariots saw Jehoshaphat, they said, “Surely that is the king of Israel!” and they came over to fight against him. Jehoshaphat cried out.
In plain English: When the captains of the chariots saw Jehoshaphat, they said, "Surely that is the king of Israel!" They turned to fight against him, and Jehoshaphat cried out.
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33When the captains of the chariots saw that it was not the king of Israel, they turned back from pursuing him.
In plain English: When the captains of the chariots saw that he was not the king of Israel, they turned back from chasing him.
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34A certain man drew his bow at random, and struck the king of Israel between the joints of the armor. Therefore he said to the driver of his chariot, “Turn around, and carry me out of the battle, for I am severely wounded.”
In plain English: A man drew his bow at random (word for word: in his innocence) and struck the king of Israel between the joints of his armor (literally: between the joints and the body armor). The king said to his chariot driver, "Turn around and take me out of the battle (literally: the camp), because I am badly wounded."
The Hebrew word: "At random" is word for word "in his innocence": tom, which the dictionary gives as "completeness ... usually (morally) innocence". It is in 24 verses: this Bible says "integrity" in 15, and "at random" only here and in , which tells the same battle. The old Greek translation in this collection (Brenton) has "with a good aim".
What changes: Read as "at random" or "in his innocence", the man was not aiming at the king. Read as Brenton has it, he took good aim. Either way, the arrow struck the king of Israel, though he had disguised himself (verse 30).
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35The battle increased that day. The king was propped up in his chariot facing the Syrians, and died at evening. The blood ran out of the wound into the bottom of the chariot.
In plain English: The battle grew fierce that day. The king was propped up (literally: was kept standing) in his chariot facing the Syrians, and he died in the evening. The blood from his wound ran into the bottom of the chariot.
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36A cry went throughout the army about the going down of the sun, saying, “Every man to his city, and every man to his country!”
In plain English: Around sunset a cry went through the army (literally: the camp): "Every man to his city, and every man to his land!"
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37So the king died, and was brought to Samaria; and they buried the king in Samaria.
In plain English: So the king died and was brought to Samaria, and they buried the king in Samaria.
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38They washed the chariot by the pool of Samaria; and the dogs licked up his blood where the prostitutes washed themselves, according to Yahweh’s word which he spoke.
In plain English: They washed the chariot by the pool of Samaria, and the dogs licked up his blood, and the prostitutes washed (this Bible: where the prostitutes washed themselves), just as Yahweh's word had said.
Good to know: "According to Yahweh's word which he spoke" points back to the word of Yahweh to Elijah in : "dogs will lick your blood". The Hebrew has "and the prostitutes washed", without the word "where"; this Bible adds it. The old Greek translation in this collection (Brenton) has "and the harlots washed themselves in the blood".
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39Now the rest of the acts of Ahab, and all that he did, and the ivory house which he built, and all the cities that he built, aren’t they written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel?
In plain English: The rest of the acts of Ahab, all that he did, the ivory house he built, and all the cities he built, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel?
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40So Ahab slept with his fathers; and Ahaziah his son reigned in his place.
In plain English: So Ahab slept with his fathers (that is, he died), and his son Ahaziah became king in his place.
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41Jehoshaphat the son of Asa began to reign over Judah in the fourth year of Ahab king of Israel.
In plain English: Jehoshaphat the son of Asa became king over Judah in the fourth year of Ahab king of Israel.
Good to know: The text dates Jehoshaphat's reign by the years of Ahab ("the fourth year of Ahab"), and Ahaziah's by the years of Jehoshaphat ("the seventeenth year of Jehoshaphat", ). These are the text's own numbers.
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42Jehoshaphat was thirty-five years old when he began to reign; and he reigned twenty-five years in Jerusalem. His mother’s name was Azubah the daughter of Shilhi.
In plain English: Jehoshaphat was thirty-five years old when he became king, and he reigned twenty-five years in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Azubah the daughter of Shilhi.
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43He walked in all the way of Asa his father. He didn’t turn away from it, doing that which was right in Yahweh’s eyes. However, the high places were not taken away. The people still sacrificed and burned incense on the high places.
In plain English: He walked in all the ways of his father Asa. He did not turn away from them, and did what was right in Yahweh's eyes. But the high places were not taken away. The people still sacrificed and burned incense on the high places.
44Jehoshaphat made peace with the king of Israel.
In plain English: Jehoshaphat made peace with the king of Israel.
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45Now the rest of the acts of Jehoshaphat, and his might that he showed, and how he fought, aren’t they written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah?
In plain English: The rest of the acts of Jehoshaphat, the strength he showed, and how he fought, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah?
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46The remnant of the sodomites, that remained in the days of his father Asa, he put away out of the land.
In plain English: He removed from the land the rest of the male cult prostitutes (this Bible: sodomites) who were left from the days of his father Asa.
The Hebrew word: "Sodomites" is qadesh, which the dictionary gives as "a (quasi) sacred person, i.e. ... a (male) devotee (by prostitution) to licentious idolatry". It is in 6 verses, and this Bible says "sodomite" or "sodomites" in 4. 1 Kings speaks of them in , and Asa put them away in ; this verse says Jehoshaphat removed the rest.
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47There was no king in Edom. A deputy ruled.
In plain English: There was no king in Edom. A deputy ruled as king.
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48Jehoshaphat made ships of Tarshish to go to Ophir for gold, but they didn’t go, for the ships wrecked at Ezion Geber.
In plain English: Jehoshaphat made ships of Tarshish to go to Ophir for gold, but they did not go, because the ships were wrecked at Ezion Geber.
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49Then Ahaziah the son of Ahab said to Jehoshaphat, “Let my servants go with your servants in the ships.” But Jehoshaphat would not.
In plain English: Then Ahaziah the son of Ahab said to Jehoshaphat, "Let my servants go with your servants in the ships." But Jehoshaphat was not willing.
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50Jehoshaphat slept with his fathers, and was buried with his fathers in his father David’s city. Jehoram his son reigned in his place.
In plain English: Jehoshaphat slept with his fathers (that is, he died), and was buried with his fathers in the city of his father David. His son Jehoram became king in his place.
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51Ahaziah the son of Ahab began to reign over Israel in Samaria in the seventeenth year of Jehoshaphat king of Judah, and he reigned two years over Israel.
In plain English: Ahaziah the son of Ahab became king over Israel in Samaria in the seventeenth year of Jehoshaphat king of Judah, and he reigned two years over Israel.
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52He did that which was evil in Yahweh’s sight, and walked in the way of his father, and in the way of his mother, and in the way of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, in which he made Israel to sin.
In plain English: He did what was evil in Yahweh's sight. He walked in the way of his father, in the way of his mother, and in the way of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, who made Israel sin.
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53He served Baal and worshiped him, and provoked Yahweh, the God of Israel, to anger in all the ways that his father had done so.
In plain English: He served Baal and bowed down to (this Bible: worshiped) him, and made Yahweh, the God of Israel, angry, in every way his father had done.
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How to say it (the stressed part in bold), the Hebrew word, and what it means. Tap a word with a dotted line to open its word study.